Pratap Singh I (9 May 1540 – 19 January 1597), popularly known as Maharana Pratap (), was king of the Kingdom of Mewar, in north-western India in the present-day state of Rajasthan, from 1572 until his death in 1597. He is notable for leading the Rajput resistance against the expansionist policy of the Mughal Emperor Akbar including the battle of Haldighati and the battle of Dewair.
Early life and accession
Maharana Pratap was born to Udai Singh II of
Udaipur State and
Jaiwanta Bai in 1540, the year in which Udai Singh ascended to the throne after defeating
Vanvir singh.
His younger brothers were Shakti Singh, Vikram Singh and Jagmal Singh. Pratap also had two stepsisters: Chand Kanwar and Man Kanwar. His chief consort was
Ajabde of
Bijolia.
Their eldest son was Amar Singh I.
He belonged to the royal family of
Mewar.
After the death of Udai Singh in 1572, Rani Dheer Bai Bhatiyani wanted her son
Jagmal Singh to succeed him
but senior courtiers preferred Pratap,
primogeniture, to be their king. The desire of the nobles prevailed and Pratap ascended the throne as Maharana Pratap, the 54th ruler of
Mewar in the line of the
Sisodia dynasty. He was crowned in
Gogunda on the auspicious day of
Holi. Jagmal swore revenge and left for
Ajmer, to join the armies of Emperor
Akbar who later gave him a portion of
Sirohi state.
Initial conflict with the Mughals
Background
Akbar initially favored diplomacy over direct conflict in his dealings with Maharana Pratap. Although Jagmal, Pratap's rival, sought Akbar’s support and had been named successor by his father, the emperor refrained from military intervention—largely due to ongoing unrest in
Gujarat. Instead, Akbar dispatched several emissaries to negotiate with Pratap, including Jalal Khan,
Mansingh, Raja Bhagwant das, and
Todar Mal. However, all these attempts ended in failure. Pratap consistently resisted submission, either by making ambiguous promises or by declining to meet the envoys altogether. Rajput sources claim that Pratap even insulted
Mansingh by avoiding a feast held in his honor, an account many modern historians consider exaggerated. The breakdown of negotiations likely stemmed from Akbar’s demands—such as personal attendance at the Mughal court, payment of tribute, political allegiance, or a matrimonial alliance—all of which were unacceptable to Pratap. By late 1573 A.D., it had become evident that a peaceful resolution was unlikely, and a military confrontation appeared inevitable.
Some scholars suggest that a key but often overlooked point of contention between Akbar and Maharana Pratap was an elephant named Ram Prasad. Historical sources such as Badauni and Abu'l-Fazl mention that Akbar had repeatedly requested this elephant from the Rana, but Pratap refused to surrender it. The elephant was eventually captured by the Mughal army during the Battle of Haldighati and brought to Akbar. Badauni even describes Ram Prasad as a subject of dispute. This incident has been interpreted by some historians as further evidence of Pratap’s unwillingness to submit to Mughal authority, casting doubt on claims that he ever sent his son Amar Singh or any proposal to Akbar’s court, as suggested by Abu'l-Fazl.
The conflicts between Pratap Singh and Akbar led to the Battle of Haldighati.
According to Indian Journal of Secularism, in his campaign to extend his empire, Akbar presented Rana Pratap with the rank of Panj Hazari (commander of an army of 5,000). Rana Pratap refused, demanding instead the rank of Dah Hazari (commander of an army of 10,000).leading to battle of haldighati.
Battle of Haldighati
The Siege of Chittorgarh in 1567-1568 had led to the loss of the fertile eastern belt of Mewar to the
Mughal Empire. However, the rest of the wooded and hilly kingdom in the
Aravalli Range range was still under the control of Maharana Pratap. Mughal Emperor
Akbar was intent on securing a stable route to Gujarat through Mewar; when Pratap Singh was crowned king (Maharana) in 1572, Akbar sent a number of envoys, including one by Raja Man Singh I of Amer, entreating him to become a vassal like many other rulers in
Rajputana. When Pratap refused to personally submit to Akbar and several attempts to diplomatically settle the issue failed, war became inevitable.
The forces of Pratap Singh and Mughal and Rajput general Man Singh met on 18 June 1576 beyond a narrow mountain pass at Haldighati near Gogunda, modern day Rajsamand in Rajasthan. This came to be known as the battle of Haldighati. Pratap Singh fielded a force of around 3000 cavalry and 400 Bhil archers. Man Singh commanded an army numbering around 10,000 men.
Rana Pratap was able to escape due to selfless devotion of chief of Jhala who drew upon himself the attack of armies by declaring himself to be Rana.[ An Advanced History of India by RC Majumdar ]
Haldighati was a futile victory for the Mughals, as they were unable to kill or capture Pratap, or any of his close family members in Udaipur. While the sources also claim that Pratap was able to make a successful escape, Man Singh managed to conquer Gogunda within a week after Haldighati then ended his campaign. Subsequently, Akbar himself led a sustained campaign against the Rana in September 1576, and soon, Gogunda, Udaipur, and Kumbhalmer were all under Mughal control.
Post-Haldighati Mughal invasions
Shahbaz Khan Kamboh led multiple invasions that resulted in the subjugation of key areas in
Mewar, such as
Kumbhalgarh,
Mandalgarh,
Gogunda, and Central
Mewar, bringing them permanently under
Mughal Empire rule. The
Mughal Empire established its supremacy in
Mewar after Shahbaz Khan's invasions. This ultimately led to a significant weakening of Pratap's power, forcing him to seek shelter in his hilly abode.
Patronage of art
Maharana Pratap's court at Chavand provided refuge to numerous poets, artists, writers, and artisans. During his reign, the Chavand school of art emerged and developed as a distinctive artistic tradition. His support for cultural activities is evidenced by the presence of notable figures such as the artist Nasiruddin in his court.
Reconquest of Mewar
Mughal pressure on Mewar relaxed after 1579 following rebellions in
Bengal and
Bihar and Mirza Hakim's incursion into the Punjab. After this Akbar sent Jagannath Kachhwaha to invade Mewar in 1584. This time too Mewar army defeated Mughals and forced them to retreat. In 1585, Akbar moved to
Lahore and remained there for the next twelve years watching the situation in the north-west. No major Mughal expedition was sent to Mewar during this period. Taking advantage of the situation, Pratap recovered some of the Mughal occupied areas of Mewar and captured thirty-six Mughal outposts. Udaipur, Mohi, Gogunda, Mandal and Pandwara were some of the important areas that were recaptured during this conflict. According to the 1588 inscription near
Jahazpur, the Rana gave the lands of Pander to a trusted follower called Sadulnath Trivedi. G.N. Sharma claims that the Pander inscription is proof that the Rana had occupied north-eastern Mewar and was granting lands to those who had been loyal to him.
From 1585 till his death, the Rana had recovered a large part of Mewar. The citizens who had migrated out of Mewar started returning during this time. There was good monsoon which helped to revive the agriculture of Mewar. The economy also started getting better and trade in the area started increasing. The Rana was able to capture the territories around Chittor but could not fulfill his dream of capturing Chittor itself.
Death
Maharana Pratap reportedly died from injuries sustained in a hunting accident
at Chavand on 19 January 1597, at the age of 56.
He was succeeded by his eldest son, Amar Singh I. On his deathbed, Pratap is said to have instructed his son never to submit to the
Mughals and to make efforts to reclaim
Chittor Fort.
According to some accounts, the Mughal emperor Akbar was deeply affected upon hearing the news of Maharana Pratap's death. The court poet Dursa Arha is said to have eulogised Pratap in the Mughal court as a mark of respect.
Legacy
Maharana Pratap is a prominent figure in both folk and contemporary Rajasthani culture and is viewed as a folk hero and celebrated warrior in
Rajasthan, as well as in
India as a whole.
Historian Satish Chandra notes –
Bandyopadhyay also seconds Satish Chandra's view with the observation that
In 2007, a statue of Maharana Pratap was unveiled by former President Pratibha Patil in the Parliament of India.
In popular culture
Film and television
-
1988–1989: Bharat Ek Khoj, broadcast on Doordarshan, where he was played by Puneet Issar
-
2012:
-
2013–2015: Jodha Akbar, broadcast on Zee TV, where he was played by Anurag Sharma
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2013–2015: Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap, broadcast by Sony Entertainment Television (India), where he was portrayed by Faisal Khan and Sharad Malhotra
-
2016: ABP News presented Bharatvarsha, in which episode 8 showcased the story of Maharana Pratap.
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2023: Deepraj Rana as Maharana Pratap in Webseries on Zee5
See also
Sources
External links
